Pathology of Social-Civic Education in Lower Secondary School Students in Iraq Based on Content Analysis of Social Studies Textbooks with Emphasis on National Council Standards
Keywords:
Consensus-citizenship education, goal, content, learning and teaching strategies, secondary schoolsAbstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the pathology of social-civic education in lower secondary school students in Iraq, based on content analysis of social studies textbooks with an emphasis on the standards of the National Council. This research, in terms of its objective, falls under developmental and applied studies and is categorized as qualitative in terms of approach. Regarding data collection method, it is a documentary research carried out using qualitative content analysis. In the content analysis section of this study, social studies textbooks of the lower secondary school level and the upper-level national documents of Iraq were analyzed. In the Delphi consultation section, 40 Iraqi education experts were selected as the research sample. The study employed a qualitative content analysis method and a researcher-made questionnaire for the expert opinion section. In this study, data reliability and confirmability were confirmed, and the qualitative analysis was performed by two coders. The inter-rater agreement for the conducted analyses reached 79.6%. The obtained data and information in the systematic review section were analyzed using thematic analysis, and in the Delphi section, descriptive statistics such as mean, median, and frequency, as well as the inferential Kendall’s W test, were used. The results of the thematic analysis, after categorizing the initial codes, identified four organizing themes (objectives [cognitive, affective, and skill-based], content, teaching and learning strategies, and evaluation), which together shaped the overarching theme of the social-civic education program for lower secondary school students. Among these, the level of expert agreement on the extracted indicators was reported as adequate. Accurate identification of the challenges and addressing them in Iraqi secondary schools requires the development of appropriate standards and strong enforcement mechanisms.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Ghassan sahib faleh al-faleh (Author); Negin Jabbary; Jalal shanta jaber, Mahboubeh sadat Fadavi (Author)
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