طراحی الگوی بومی عوامل مؤثر بر قصد حضور مجدد تماشاگران در فوتبال عراق: رویکردی مبتنی بر تحلیل تم و دلفی فازی

راسم  عبدالحسین سدخان الصرخی; یعقوب بدری‌آذرین; محمدرسول  خدادادی

Authors

Rasim Abdulhussein Sadkhan Alsarkhi PhD student, Department of Sports Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. Author https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7643-8809
Yaghoub Badri Azarin Professor, Department of Sports Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3576-3265
Mohammad Rasoul Khodadadi Associate Professor, Department of Sports Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. Author https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3393-020X

Keywords:

Re-visit intention, football spectators, football stadiums, theme analysis, fuzzy Delphi, Iraq

Abstract

This study aimed to design and validate a context-specific model of factors affecting spectators’ reattendance intention at football stadiums in Iraq. This qualitative study was conducted within an interpretive paradigm using thematic analysis to develop the model and the fuzzy Delphi technique to validate it. The study population comprised senior football club managers, sport management academics, and experts from the Iraqi Football Federation. Fifteen experts were selected through purposive and snowball sampling until theoretical saturation was achieved. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews lasting approximately 45–90 minutes and analyzed using the six-stage thematic analysis procedure. Subsequently, the extracted model was evaluated through two rounds of fuzzy Delphi involving eight experts. Content validity was examined using the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI), while inter-coder agreement, expert review, process documentation, and independent code review were applied to enhance qualitative reliability. The thematic analysis yielded 73 initial codes, 15 components, and four major dimensions: stadium infrastructural and environmental factors; team-related factors and match attractiveness; psychological, social, and cultural factors; and economic, managerial, and structural factors. During the first fuzzy Delphi round, three items scoring below 0.70 were eliminated. In the second round, expert agreement exceeded 70% for all retained components and items, while the difference in expert judgments between the two rounds fell below 0.20, indicating satisfactory consensus. Furthermore, CVR values for all retained items exceeded 0.49 and CVI values were above 0.70, confirming the content validity of the final model. Spectators’ reattendance intention in Iraqi football is a multidimensional and context-dependent phenomenon shaped by the simultaneous interaction of infrastructural, team-related, psychological-social, cultural, economic, and managerial factors. The validated native model therefore provides an integrated framework for Iraqi football clubs, federation authorities, and sports policymakers to develop targeted strategies for increasing stadium attendance and strengthening spectator loyalty.

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